IP Address Classes - IP address is used as an address in the relationship between hosts on the Internet so it is a universal communication system as a method of addressing that has been accepted worldwide. By determining the IP address means that we have given universal identity for each interface computer.
If a computer has more than one interface (egg using two Ethernet) then we must give two IP address for each computer for each interface.
Writing Format IP Address
IP address consists of 32-bit binary numbers separated by dots every 8 bits. Every 8 bits is referred to as an octet. Form of an IP address can be written as follows.
Xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.
If a computer has more than one interface (egg using two Ethernet) then we must give two IP address for each computer for each interface.
Writing Format IP Address
IP address consists of 32-bit binary numbers separated by dots every 8 bits. Every 8 bits is referred to as an octet. Form of an IP address can be written as follows.
Xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.
so it has the IP addresses range of 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 up 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111.
Notation IP addresses with binary numbers as it is difficult to use, so often written in four decimal numbers, each separated by 4 dots, better known as "dotted decimal notation". Each decimal number represents the value of one octet IP address. Example of an IP address relationship in binary and decimal format:
The division of Class IP Address
Number of IP addresses available is theoretically 255x255x255x255 or about 4 billion more that must be distributed to all users of the Internet worldwide. The division of these classes is intended to facilitate the allocation of IP addresses, both for the host / specific tissues or for specific purposes.
IP addresses can be separated into two parts, namely the network part (net ID) and the host part (host ID). Net ID instrumental in the identification of a network from another network, while the host ID serves to identify the host in a network.
Thus, all hosts connected to the same network have the same net ID. Most of the bits of the initial part of the IP Address are the network bit / network number, while the rest of the host. The dividing line between the network and the host is not fixed, depending on the network class.
IP addresses are divided into five classes: class A, class B, class C, class D and class E. The difference in each class are on their size and number. Examples A class IP network used by a little, but the number of hosts that can be accommodated by each network is very large. Class D and E are not in general use, class D is used for multicast and class E network for experimental purposes.
Internet Protocol software to determine the distribution of this type of class to test some bits of the IP Address. The determination of this class is done in the following way:
The first bits of the IP address of class A is 0, with a length of 8 bit net ID and a host ID 24 bits long. So the first byte of the IP address of class A has a range of 0-127. So there are 127 class A network with each network can accommodate about 16 million hosts (255x255x255). IP address assigned to the class A network with a very large number of hosts, IP this class can be described in the following picture:
Bit-Bit-bit Host bit Network
IP address classes A
Two bits of class B IP address are always set to 10 so that the first byte is always worth between 128-191. Network ID is the first 16-bit and 16-bit remainder is the host ID so that if there is a computer having the IP address 192.168.26.161, network ID = 192.168 and host ID = 26 161. On. Class B IP address has the IP range of 128.0.xxx.xxx to 191.155.xxx.xxx, which amounted to 65 255 network with the number of hosts per network 255 x 255 hosts or approximately 65 thousand hosts.
Class C IP address originally used for small-sized networks such as LANs. The first three bits of the IP address class C is always set 111. Network ID consists of 24 bits and the remaining 8 bits of the host ID so it can be formed about 2 million networks with each network has 256 hosts.
Class D IP address used for multicasting. The first 4 bits of a class D IP address is always set in 1110 so that the first byte ranges from 224- 247, while the next bit is set as appropriate multicast group that uses this IP address. In multicasting is not known the term network ID and a host ID.
IP address of class E is not intended for public use. The first 4 bits of the IP address of this class is set in 1111 so that the first byte ranges from 248-255.
In addition, also known as Network Prefix term, which is used for IP addresses that pointed to parts of the network. Writing network prefix is the slash "/" followed by a number that indicates this network prefix length in bits. For example to designate a class B network used writing 192.168.xxx.xxx 192.168 / 16. Number 16 is a long-bit network prefix for class B.
Special Address
In addition to the address used for identifying the host, there are several types of address used for special purposes and should not be used to host identifier. The address is:
Address. Address network is used to identify a network on the Internet network. Suppose for the hosts with a Class B IP address 192.168.9.35. Without using subnet (to be described later), Network Address of this host is 192.168.0.0. This address is obtained by making all the host bits in the last segment 2 to 0. The goal is to simplify the routing information on the Internet.
Router enough to see network address (192.168) to determine the router to which the datagram should be sent. The analogy is similar to the mail delivery process, the clerk at the post office sorter enough notice destination mail address (does not need to read sleuth address) to determine which path should be taken of the letter.
Broadcast Address. This address is used to send / receive information that should be known by all hosts on a network. As is known, each IP datagram has a header destination address in the form of the IP address of the host that will be addressed by the datagram.
With this address, so only the destination hosts the datagram processing, while the other hosts will ignore it. What if a host wants to send a datagram to all hosts on its network? Inefficient if he has to make a number of host datagram replication purposes. Bandwidth usage will increase and the increased workload of the host, when the contents of the same datagram’s.
Therefore, made the concept of a broadcast address. Host enough to send to a broadcast address, all hosts in the network will receive the datagram. Consequently, all hosts on the same network should have the same broadcast address and the address should not be used as an IP address for a particular host.
So, in fact every host has 2 addresses to receive datagram’s: the first is its IP address is unique and the second is the broadcast address on the network where the host is located.
Broadcast address is obtained by making the host bits in the IP address into
So, for the host with IP address 192.168.9.35 or 192.168.240.2, its broadcast address is 192.168.255.255 (2 last segment of the IP Address is made worthwhile 11111111.11111111, so that it reads 255 255 decimal). The type of information usually is dibroadcast routing information.
Multicast Address. Address classes A, B and C is the address used for communication between the hosts, which uses unicast datagram’s. That is, the datagram / packet have a destination address in the form of a specific host. Only hosts which have the same IP address to the destination address in the datagram that will receive the datagram, while the other hosts will ignore it. If the datagram is addressed to all hosts on a network, then the field will contain the destination address broadcast address of the network in question.
These two modes of delivery (unicast and broadcast), there are also modes to three. It takes a special mode if a host wants to communicate with multiple hosts simultaneously (host group), with only send one datagram only.
But unlike the broadcast mode, only the hosts that are members of a group who will receive this datagram, while the other hosts will not be affected. Therefore, introduced the concept of multicast. At this concept, all the groups that run the applications together to get one multicast address.
For the purposes of multicast, a number of IP addresses allocated as multicast address. If the structure of the IP Address follow the shape 1110xxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx (decimal form 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255), the IP Address is multicast address. This allocation is intended for the purposes of the group, not to the host as the class A, B and C.
The division of Class IP Address
Number of IP addresses available is theoretically 255x255x255x255 or about 4 billion more that must be distributed to all users of the Internet worldwide. The division of these classes is intended to facilitate the allocation of IP addresses, both for the host / specific tissues or for specific purposes.
IP addresses can be separated into two parts, namely the network part (net ID) and the host part (host ID). Net ID instrumental in the identification of a network from another network, while the host ID serves to identify the host in a network.
Thus, all hosts connected to the same network have the same net ID. Most of the bits of the initial part of the IP Address are the network bit / network number, while the rest of the host. The dividing line between the network and the host is not fixed, depending on the network class.
IP addresses are divided into five classes: class A, class B, class C, class D and class E. The difference in each class are on their size and number. Examples A class IP network used by a little, but the number of hosts that can be accommodated by each network is very large. Class D and E are not in general use, class D is used for multicast and class E network for experimental purposes.
Internet Protocol software to determine the distribution of this type of class to test some bits of the IP Address. The determination of this class is done in the following way:
The first bits of the IP address of class A is 0, with a length of 8 bit net ID and a host ID 24 bits long. So the first byte of the IP address of class A has a range of 0-127. So there are 127 class A network with each network can accommodate about 16 million hosts (255x255x255). IP address assigned to the class A network with a very large number of hosts, IP this class can be described in the following picture:
Bit-Bit-bit Host bit Network
IP address classes A
Two bits of class B IP address are always set to 10 so that the first byte is always worth between 128-191. Network ID is the first 16-bit and 16-bit remainder is the host ID so that if there is a computer having the IP address 192.168.26.161, network ID = 192.168 and host ID = 26 161. On. Class B IP address has the IP range of 128.0.xxx.xxx to 191.155.xxx.xxx, which amounted to 65 255 network with the number of hosts per network 255 x 255 hosts or approximately 65 thousand hosts.
Class C IP address originally used for small-sized networks such as LANs. The first three bits of the IP address class C is always set 111. Network ID consists of 24 bits and the remaining 8 bits of the host ID so it can be formed about 2 million networks with each network has 256 hosts.
Class D IP address used for multicasting. The first 4 bits of a class D IP address is always set in 1110 so that the first byte ranges from 224- 247, while the next bit is set as appropriate multicast group that uses this IP address. In multicasting is not known the term network ID and a host ID.
IP address of class E is not intended for public use. The first 4 bits of the IP address of this class is set in 1111 so that the first byte ranges from 248-255.
In addition, also known as Network Prefix term, which is used for IP addresses that pointed to parts of the network. Writing network prefix is the slash "/" followed by a number that indicates this network prefix length in bits. For example to designate a class B network used writing 192.168.xxx.xxx 192.168 / 16. Number 16 is a long-bit network prefix for class B.
Special Address
In addition to the address used for identifying the host, there are several types of address used for special purposes and should not be used to host identifier. The address is:
Address. Address network is used to identify a network on the Internet network. Suppose for the hosts with a Class B IP address 192.168.9.35. Without using subnet (to be described later), Network Address of this host is 192.168.0.0. This address is obtained by making all the host bits in the last segment 2 to 0. The goal is to simplify the routing information on the Internet.
Router enough to see network address (192.168) to determine the router to which the datagram should be sent. The analogy is similar to the mail delivery process, the clerk at the post office sorter enough notice destination mail address (does not need to read sleuth address) to determine which path should be taken of the letter.
Broadcast Address. This address is used to send / receive information that should be known by all hosts on a network. As is known, each IP datagram has a header destination address in the form of the IP address of the host that will be addressed by the datagram.
With this address, so only the destination hosts the datagram processing, while the other hosts will ignore it. What if a host wants to send a datagram to all hosts on its network? Inefficient if he has to make a number of host datagram replication purposes. Bandwidth usage will increase and the increased workload of the host, when the contents of the same datagram’s.
Therefore, made the concept of a broadcast address. Host enough to send to a broadcast address, all hosts in the network will receive the datagram. Consequently, all hosts on the same network should have the same broadcast address and the address should not be used as an IP address for a particular host.
So, in fact every host has 2 addresses to receive datagram’s: the first is its IP address is unique and the second is the broadcast address on the network where the host is located.
Broadcast address is obtained by making the host bits in the IP address into
So, for the host with IP address 192.168.9.35 or 192.168.240.2, its broadcast address is 192.168.255.255 (2 last segment of the IP Address is made worthwhile 11111111.11111111, so that it reads 255 255 decimal). The type of information usually is dibroadcast routing information.
Multicast Address. Address classes A, B and C is the address used for communication between the hosts, which uses unicast datagram’s. That is, the datagram / packet have a destination address in the form of a specific host. Only hosts which have the same IP address to the destination address in the datagram that will receive the datagram, while the other hosts will ignore it. If the datagram is addressed to all hosts on a network, then the field will contain the destination address broadcast address of the network in question.
These two modes of delivery (unicast and broadcast), there are also modes to three. It takes a special mode if a host wants to communicate with multiple hosts simultaneously (host group), with only send one datagram only.
But unlike the broadcast mode, only the hosts that are members of a group who will receive this datagram, while the other hosts will not be affected. Therefore, introduced the concept of multicast. At this concept, all the groups that run the applications together to get one multicast address.
For the purposes of multicast, a number of IP addresses allocated as multicast address. If the structure of the IP Address follow the shape 1110xxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx (decimal form 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255), the IP Address is multicast address. This allocation is intended for the purposes of the group, not to the host as the class A, B and C.
Group members are hosts that want to join the group. These members are also not limited to the network in a single subnet, but it can reach the whole world. Because it resembles a backbone, then multicasts network is also known as the Multicast Backbone (MBONE).
Basic Rules Selection of network ID and host ID
Here are the basic rules in determining the network ID and host ID used:
Network ID must not be equal to 127
Network ID by default 127 is used as a loop back address that is the IP address used by a computer to designate himself.
Network ID and the host ID must not be equal to 255
Network ID or host ID 255 will be interpreted as a broadcast address. This ID is an address that represents the entire network.
Network ID and the host ID must not be equal to 0
IP addresses with the host ID 0 is defined as a network address. Network addresses used to designate a network rather than a host.
Host ID must be unique within a network.
In a network there can be no two hosts have the same host ID.
Sub netting for some reason related to the efficiency of the IP address, troubleshoot network topology and organizations, network administrators usually do sub netting. The essence of sub netting is the "move" the dividing line between the network part and the host part of an IP Address. Some bits of the host portion allocated to the additional bits on the network. Address of the network according to the standard structure is broken down into several sub networks. This method creates a number of additional networks, but reduces the maximum number of hosts that exist in each of the network.
Sub netting is also done to overcome differences in hardware and physical media used in a network. IP routers can integrate various networks with different physical media only if each network has a unique network address.
Moreover, with sub netting, a Network Administrator can delegate the host address settings entire department of a large company to each department, to make it easier to manage the whole network.
A subnet is defined by implementing bit masking (subnet mask) to an IP Address. The structure of the subnet mask together with the IP address structure, which consists of 32 bits divided into four segments. The bits of the IP Address that "covered" (masking) by the bits subnet mask corresponding active and will be interpreted as a network bit. Bit 1 in the subnet mask means to enable masking (on), while bit 0 is off (off). As an example the case, let us take one class IP Address A number 44.132.1.20
With a standard rule, the IP address network number is 44 and the host number is 132.1.20.Network can accommodate a maximum of more than 16 million hosts connected directly. Suppose at this address will be implemented as much as 16-bit subnet mask 255.255.0.0. (Hexa = FF.FF.00.00 or Binary = 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000).
Note that the first 16 bits of the subnet mask value 1, while the next 16 bits of 0. Thus, the first 16 bits of an IP address subnet mask worn will be considered as network bits. Network numbers will change to 44 132 and the host number becomes 1.20. The maximum capacity of the host that is directly connected to the network to approximately 65 thousand hosts.
Subnet mask over standard IP address is identical to class B. By applying the subnet mask on the network class A, can be made to 256 new network with a capacity equivalent each network subnet subnet class B. Application of further such as 255.255.255.0 (24 bit) in class A will produce a larger number of networks (more than 65 thousand network) with the capacity of each subnet for 256 hosts. Network class C can also be divided into several subnets by applying the subnet mask higher as for 25-bit (255 255 255 128), 26 bits (255.255.255.192), 27 bits (
255.255.255.224) and so on.
Sub netting is done when the configuration interface. Implementation of IP Address subnet mask on will define the two pieces of the new address, the Network Address and Broadcast Address. Network address is defined by setting all the host bits of value 0, while the broadcast address by setting the host bits worth 1.
As described in the previous section, network address is a useful network address in the routing information. A host does not need to know the address all hosts on other networks. The information needed is simply the address of the network will be contacted as well as the gateway to reach the network.
Illustration of sub netting, network address and broadcast address can be seen in the table below. From the table it can be concluded how the standard network numbers from an IP address is converted into numbers subnet / subnet address through sub netting.
Sub netting is only applicable on the local network. For network outside the local network, fixed network number that identified a number of network standards by class IP Address.
Allocating IP Address
this part plays a very important because it includes the planning of the network number to be created and assigned an IP address for each network. We must make sub netting is right for the entire network by considering the possibility of the development of the network in the future. For example, an office connect to the Internet via V-SAT received an allocation of IP addresses from INTERNIC (http://www.internic.net) for class B is 192.168.xxx.xxx.
If implemented in a network only (flat), then the IP Address that we can only make a network with a capacity of more than 65,000 hosts. Due to the physical location of the network spread (in several departments and laboratories) and the level of congestion will be very high, it is not possible to link all the computers in the office simply by using a single network only (flat). Then the distribution network according to their physical location
this division is not only on a physical level (media), but also at the level of logical (network layer), i.e. at the level of the IP address. Division at the network level requires segmentation of the IP Address that will be used. For that reason, delegating the IP Address to the respective departments, laboratories and other institutions that have a LAN and will be integrated in a large campus network. Suppose the distribution of class B IP as follows: read local area network definition
192.168.1.xxx IP address allocated to reserves
192.168.2.xxx IP address allocated to the department A
192.168.3.xxx IP address allocated to the department B
192.168.4.xxx IP address allocated to the unit X
etc.
This division is based on the number of computers found in a department and predicted population increase for a few years later. This was done solely because IP addresses are limited, so its use should be kept as efficient as possible.
If an administrator in one of the departments received an allocation of IP addresses 192.168.48.xxx, then this allocation will be equivalent to a class C IP address as the IP we can only form a network with a capacity of 256 hosts that from 192.168.9.0 to 192.168.9.255,
In this division, a network administrator in an institution received an allocation of IP addresses 192.168.9.xxx. This allocation is equivalent to a single class C because both have a capacity of 256 IP addresses, from 192.168.9.0 to 192.168.9.255.Misalkan in the installation of the network, he faced problems as follows:
It takes approximately 7 pieces LAN.
Each LAN has less than 30 computers.
Based on these facts, it divides the 256 pieces of IP address into 8 segments. Because of this division based on binary numbers, the division can only be made for multiples of a power of 2, which is divided by 2, divided by 4, 8, 16, 32 ff. If we review the binary, then we get:
Number of host bits of the subnet 192.168.9.xxx is 8 bits (last segment). If only to be implemented into a single network, then the network can accommodate about 256 hosts.
If he wants to divide into 2 segments, the first bit of the 8 bits of the last segment of the IP Address in the lid (mask) into bit network, thereby masking the overall to 24 + 1 = 25 bits. Bits for the host to 7 bits. He obtained two pieces of sub-networks, each with a capacity of 128 host subnet. The first subnet will use the IP address of 192.168.9. (0-127), while the second will use the IP subnet address 192.168.9. (128-255).
Basic Rules Selection of network ID and host ID
Here are the basic rules in determining the network ID and host ID used:
Network ID must not be equal to 127
Network ID by default 127 is used as a loop back address that is the IP address used by a computer to designate himself.
Network ID and the host ID must not be equal to 255
Network ID or host ID 255 will be interpreted as a broadcast address. This ID is an address that represents the entire network.
Network ID and the host ID must not be equal to 0
IP addresses with the host ID 0 is defined as a network address. Network addresses used to designate a network rather than a host.
Host ID must be unique within a network.
In a network there can be no two hosts have the same host ID.
Sub netting for some reason related to the efficiency of the IP address, troubleshoot network topology and organizations, network administrators usually do sub netting. The essence of sub netting is the "move" the dividing line between the network part and the host part of an IP Address. Some bits of the host portion allocated to the additional bits on the network. Address of the network according to the standard structure is broken down into several sub networks. This method creates a number of additional networks, but reduces the maximum number of hosts that exist in each of the network.
Sub netting is also done to overcome differences in hardware and physical media used in a network. IP routers can integrate various networks with different physical media only if each network has a unique network address.
Moreover, with sub netting, a Network Administrator can delegate the host address settings entire department of a large company to each department, to make it easier to manage the whole network.
A subnet is defined by implementing bit masking (subnet mask) to an IP Address. The structure of the subnet mask together with the IP address structure, which consists of 32 bits divided into four segments. The bits of the IP Address that "covered" (masking) by the bits subnet mask corresponding active and will be interpreted as a network bit. Bit 1 in the subnet mask means to enable masking (on), while bit 0 is off (off). As an example the case, let us take one class IP Address A number 44.132.1.20
With a standard rule, the IP address network number is 44 and the host number is 132.1.20.Network can accommodate a maximum of more than 16 million hosts connected directly. Suppose at this address will be implemented as much as 16-bit subnet mask 255.255.0.0. (Hexa = FF.FF.00.00 or Binary = 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000).
Note that the first 16 bits of the subnet mask value 1, while the next 16 bits of 0. Thus, the first 16 bits of an IP address subnet mask worn will be considered as network bits. Network numbers will change to 44 132 and the host number becomes 1.20. The maximum capacity of the host that is directly connected to the network to approximately 65 thousand hosts.
Subnet mask over standard IP address is identical to class B. By applying the subnet mask on the network class A, can be made to 256 new network with a capacity equivalent each network subnet subnet class B. Application of further such as 255.255.255.0 (24 bit) in class A will produce a larger number of networks (more than 65 thousand network) with the capacity of each subnet for 256 hosts. Network class C can also be divided into several subnets by applying the subnet mask higher as for 25-bit (255 255 255 128), 26 bits (255.255.255.192), 27 bits (
255.255.255.224) and so on.
Sub netting is done when the configuration interface. Implementation of IP Address subnet mask on will define the two pieces of the new address, the Network Address and Broadcast Address. Network address is defined by setting all the host bits of value 0, while the broadcast address by setting the host bits worth 1.
As described in the previous section, network address is a useful network address in the routing information. A host does not need to know the address all hosts on other networks. The information needed is simply the address of the network will be contacted as well as the gateway to reach the network.
Illustration of sub netting, network address and broadcast address can be seen in the table below. From the table it can be concluded how the standard network numbers from an IP address is converted into numbers subnet / subnet address through sub netting.
Sub netting is only applicable on the local network. For network outside the local network, fixed network number that identified a number of network standards by class IP Address.
Allocating IP Address
this part plays a very important because it includes the planning of the network number to be created and assigned an IP address for each network. We must make sub netting is right for the entire network by considering the possibility of the development of the network in the future. For example, an office connect to the Internet via V-SAT received an allocation of IP addresses from INTERNIC (http://www.internic.net) for class B is 192.168.xxx.xxx.
If implemented in a network only (flat), then the IP Address that we can only make a network with a capacity of more than 65,000 hosts. Due to the physical location of the network spread (in several departments and laboratories) and the level of congestion will be very high, it is not possible to link all the computers in the office simply by using a single network only (flat). Then the distribution network according to their physical location
this division is not only on a physical level (media), but also at the level of logical (network layer), i.e. at the level of the IP address. Division at the network level requires segmentation of the IP Address that will be used. For that reason, delegating the IP Address to the respective departments, laboratories and other institutions that have a LAN and will be integrated in a large campus network. Suppose the distribution of class B IP as follows: read local area network definition
192.168.1.xxx IP address allocated to reserves
192.168.2.xxx IP address allocated to the department A
192.168.3.xxx IP address allocated to the department B
192.168.4.xxx IP address allocated to the unit X
etc.
This division is based on the number of computers found in a department and predicted population increase for a few years later. This was done solely because IP addresses are limited, so its use should be kept as efficient as possible.
If an administrator in one of the departments received an allocation of IP addresses 192.168.48.xxx, then this allocation will be equivalent to a class C IP address as the IP we can only form a network with a capacity of 256 hosts that from 192.168.9.0 to 192.168.9.255,
In this division, a network administrator in an institution received an allocation of IP addresses 192.168.9.xxx. This allocation is equivalent to a single class C because both have a capacity of 256 IP addresses, from 192.168.9.0 to 192.168.9.255.Misalkan in the installation of the network, he faced problems as follows:
It takes approximately 7 pieces LAN.
Each LAN has less than 30 computers.
Based on these facts, it divides the 256 pieces of IP address into 8 segments. Because of this division based on binary numbers, the division can only be made for multiples of a power of 2, which is divided by 2, divided by 4, 8, 16, 32 ff. If we review the binary, then we get:
Number of host bits of the subnet 192.168.9.xxx is 8 bits (last segment). If only to be implemented into a single network, then the network can accommodate about 256 hosts.
If he wants to divide into 2 segments, the first bit of the 8 bits of the last segment of the IP Address in the lid (mask) into bit network, thereby masking the overall to 24 + 1 = 25 bits. Bits for the host to 7 bits. He obtained two pieces of sub-networks, each with a capacity of 128 host subnet. The first subnet will use the IP address of 192.168.9. (0-127), while the second will use the IP subnet address 192.168.9. (128-255).
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